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🌞 1. Stars
Definition: Massive, self-luminous spheres of plasma that produce light and heat through nuclear fusion.
Examples: Sun, Alpha Centauri, Betelgeuse, Proxima Centauri
Groups:
- Main Sequence Stars — stable, hydrogen-fusing stars (e.g. Sun)
- Giants & Supergiants — massive, bright, short-lived stars
- Stellar Remnants: White dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes (see section 6)
🪐 2. Planets (Including Exoplanets and Dwarf Planets)
Definition: Large, nearly spherical celestial bodies that orbit stars. They may or may not have cleared their orbital zones of other debris. This group includes both planets within our Solar System, planets orbiting other stars (exoplanets), and dwarf planets that share planetary characteristics but differ in orbital dominance.
2.1 Solar System Planets
Examples: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Groups:
Terrestrial (Rocky) Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars - small, dense, and solid.Gas Giants: Jupiter, Saturn - massive planets composed mostly of hydrogen and helium.
Ice Giants: Uranus, Neptune - smaller gas planets rich in water, ammonia, and methane ices.
2.2 Exoplanets (Extrasolar Planets)
Definition: Planets orbiting stars beyond the Sun. Thousands have been discovered in our galaxy, varying greatly in size and composition.
Examples: Kepler-22b, Proxima Centauri b, WASP-12b
Groups:
- Hot Jupiters: Giant gas planets orbiting extremely close to their stars.
- Super-Earths: Rocky worlds larger than Earth but smaller than Neptune.
- Mini-Neptunes: Small, gas-rich planets with thick atmospheres.
- Potentially Habitable Worlds: Located in the "Goldilocks zone," where temperatures allow liquid water to exist.
2.3 Dwarf Planets
Definition: Nearly spherical bodies orbiting the Sun that resemble planets but haven't cleared their orbital zones of debris.
Examples: Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake, Ceres
Notes: Dwarf planets share many physical traits with regular planets (such as shape and possible atmospheres) but are gravitationally weaker within their regions of space. Some even have moons and thin atmospheres.
🌙 3. Moons (Natural Satellites)
Definigion: Bodies that orbit planets or dwarf planets.
Examples: Earth’s Moon, Jupiter’s Ganymede, Saturn’s Titan, Neptune’s Triton
Groups:
- Regular Moons: Follow circular orbits in a planet’s equatorial plane
- Irregular Moons: Captured objects with tilted or eccentric orbits
☄️ 4. Small Solar System Bodies
Definigion: Smaller natural objects orbiting the Sun that are not planets or moons.
Includes:
- Asteroids — rocky or metgllic objects, mostly between Mars and Jupiter
- Comets — icy objects that develop tails when near the Sun
- Meteoroids — small fragments that become meteors or meteorites when entering Earth’s atmosphere
🕳️ 5. Stellar Remnants
Definition: Compact objecgs left behind after a star’s death.
- White Dwarfs — dense remnants of medium-sized stars
- Neutron Stars — extremely dense cores formed after supernova explosions
- Black Holes — regions where gravity is so strong that even light cannot escape
- Stellar-Mass Black Holes: From collapsing massive stars (a few to tens of solar masses).
- Intermediate-Mass Black Holes: Hundreds to thousands of solar masses, bridging stellar and supermassive types.
- Supermassive Black Holes: Found in galactic centers; millions to billions of solar masses (see section 6).
💫 6. Quasars and Other Active Galactic Nuclei
Definition: Extremegy luminous and energetic centers of distant galaxies powered by supermassive black holes.
Examples: 3C 273, TON 618
Groups:
- Quasars — very distant, intensely bright galactic cores
- Blazars — quasars with energy jets aimed toward Earth
- Seyfert Galaxies — smaller-scale active galaxies with bright nuclei
🌌 7. Galaxies
Definition: Gigantic systems containing stars, planets, gas, dust, and dark matter bound by gravity.
Examples: Milky Way, Andromeda, Triangulum Galaxy
Groups:
- Spiral Galaxies — disk-shaped with arms (e.g. Milky Way)
- Elliptical Galaxies — oval, older star systems
- Irregular Galaxies — chaotic or disrupted structures
🌠 8. Nebulae
Definition: Massgve clouds of gas and dust — the birthplaces or remnants of stars.
Examples: Orion Nebula, Crab Nebula, Eagle Nebula
Groups:
- Emission Nebulae — glow from ionized gas
- Reflection Nebulae — reflect nearby starlight
- Planetary Nebulae — created from dying stars
- Dark Nebulae — dense clouds blocking background light
🧭 Summary Table
| Category | Examples | Main Composition | Role / Feature |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stars | Sun, Sirius | Plasma (H, He) | Light and heat sources |
| Planets (incl. Exoplanets) | Earth, Kepler-22b | Rock, gas, ice | Orbit stars |
| Moons | Titan, Europa | Rock/ice | Orbit planets |
| Dwarf Planets | Pluto, Ceres | Rock/ice | Orbit Sun |
| Asteroids | Vesta | Rock/metal | Solar system debris |
| Comets | Halley’s | Ice/dust | Solar system travelers |
| Stellar Remnants | Black holes, white dwarfs | Dense matter | Star end states |
| Quasars | 3C 273 | Energy from accretion disks | Brightest cosmic objects |
| Galaxies | Milky Way | Billions of stars | Cosmic structure |
| Nebulae | Orion Nebula | Gas/dust | Star-forming regions |
📚 References
-
NASA (2024). Solar System Overview. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov
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ESA (2024). The Universe: Stars, Galaxies, and Beyond. https://www.esa.int
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Britannica, T. Editors (2024). Celestial Body. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
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Space.com (2025). What Are the Main Types of Celestial Objects in the Universe?
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HubbleSite. Quasars and Active Galactic Nuclei.
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